With financial support from the Duke, Rubens travelled to Rome by way of Florence in 1601. The colouring and compositions of Veronese and Tintoretto had an immediate effect on Rubens's painting, and his later, mature style was profoundly influenced by Titian. He stopped first in Venice, where he saw paintings by Titian, Veronese, and Tintoretto, before settling in Mantua at the court of Duke Vincenzo I Gonzaga. Rubens completed his education in 1598, at which time he entered the Guild of St. Much of his earliest training involved copying earlier artists' works, such as woodcuts by Hans Holbein the Younger and Marcantonio Raimondi's engravings after Raphael. Subsequently, he studied under two of the city's leading painters of the time, the late Mannerist artists Adam van Noort and Otto van Veen. By fourteen he began his artistic apprenticeship with Tobias Verhaeght. In Antwerp, Rubens received a Renaissance humanist education, studying Latin and classical literature. Religion figured prominently in much of his work, and Rubens later became one of the leading voices of the Catholic Counter-Reformation style of painting (he had said "My passion comes from the heavens, not from earthly musings"). In 1589, two years after his father's death, Rubens moved with his mother Maria Pypelincks to Antwerp, where he was raised as a Catholic. The family returned to Cologne the next year. Following Jan Rubens's imprisonment for the affair, Peter Paul Rubens was born in 1577. Jan Rubens became the legal adviser (and lover) of Anna of Saxony, the second wife of William I of Orange, and settled at her court in Siegen in 1570, fathering her daughter Christine who was born in 1571. Rubens was baptised in Cologne at St Peter's Church. His father, a Calvinist, and mother fled Antwerp for Cologne in 1568, after increased religious turmoil and persecution of Protestants during the rule of the Habsburg Netherlands by the Duke of Alba. Rubens was born in Siegen to Jan Rubens and Maria Pypelincks. The garden of the Rubenshuis in Antwerp designed by Rubens For altarpieces he sometimes painted on slate to reduce reflection problems. He was one of the last major artists to make consistent use of wooden panels as a support medium, even for very large works, but he used canvas as well, especially when the work needed to be sent a long distance. He was also an art dealer and is known to have sold an important number of art objects to George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Rubens was an avid art collector and had one of the largest collections of art and books in Antwerp. The book was influential in spreading the Genoese palace style in Northern Europe. He wrote a book with illustrations of the palaces in Genoa, which was published in 1622 as Palazzi di Genova. He also oversaw the ephemeral decorations of the royal entry into Antwerp by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria in 1635. Rubens designed tapestries and prints, as well as his own house. He painted portraits, especially of friends, and self-portraits, and in later life painted several landscapes. His commissioned works were mostly history paintings, which included religious and mythological subjects, and hunt scenes. The catalogue of his works by Michael Jaffé lists 1,403 pieces, excluding numerous copies made in his workshop. In addition to running a large workshop in Antwerp that produced paintings popular with nobility and art collectors throughout Europe, Rubens was a classically educated humanist scholar and diplomat who was knighted by both Philip IV of Spain and Charles I of England. He was also a prolific designer of cartoons for the Flemish tapestry workshops and of frontispieces for the publishers in Antwerp. Rubens was a painter producing altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. His unique and immensely popular Baroque style emphasized movement, colour, and sensuality, which followed the immediate, dramatic artistic style promoted in the Counter-Reformation. Rubens's highly charged compositions reference erudite aspects of classical and Christian history. He is considered the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque tradition. Sir Peter Paul Rubens ( / ˈ r uː b ən z/ Dutch: 28 June 1577 – ) was a Flemish artist and diplomat from the Duchy of Brabant in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium).
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